Psychological Safety, Well-Being, dan Engagement di Era Kerja Fleksibel

Authors

  • Sapta Rini Widyawati Universitas Mahasaraswati Denpasar

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.53697/emba.v5i2.3476

Keywords:

Psychological Safety, Well-Being, Employee Engagement, Kerja Fleksibel, Hybrid Working

Abstract

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh psychological safety dan employee well-being terhadap employee engagement pada karyawan yang bekerja dengan pengaturan fleksibel, termasuk remote working, hybrid working, dan work-from-anywhere. Menggunakan desain kuantitatif dengan survei terhadap 271 karyawan perusahaan sektor jasa perhotelan di Bali, data dianalisis menggunakan Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) berbasis Partial Least Square (PLS). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa psychological safety berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap employee engagement. Employee well-being juga terbukti berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap engagement, serta berperan sebagai variabel yang memperkuat hubungan antara fleksibilitas kerja dan keterlibatan karyawan. Temuan ini menegaskan pentingnya strategi pengelolaan SDM yang menempatkan keamanan psikologis dan kesejahteraan sebagai prioritas dalam desain kerja modern. Penelitian ini memberikan implikasi praktis bagi organisasi untuk memperkuat budaya yang inklusif, komunikasi dua arah, dukungan manajerial, serta program kesejahteraan holistik guna meningkatkan keterlibatan dan kinerja karyawan. di era kerja fleksibel.

References

Appelbaum, N. P., Santen, S. A., Perera, R. A., Rothstein, W., Hylton, J. B., & Hemphill, R. R. (2022). Influence of psychological safety and organizational support on the impact of humiliation on trainee well-being. Journal of Patient Safety, 18(4), 370-375.

Bakker, A. B., & de Vries, J. D. (2021). Job demands–resources theory and employee well-being: The role of psychological well-being as a determinant of long-term engagement. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 30(4), 321–327. https://doi.org/10.1177/09637214211013409

Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2008). Towards a model of work engagement. Career Development International, 13(3), 209–223. https://doi.org/10.1108/13620430810870476

Bennouna, A., Boughaba, A., Djabou, S., & Mouda, M. (2025). Enhancing Workplace Well-being: Unveiling the Dynamics of Leader–Member Exchange and Worker Safety Behavior Through Psychological Safety and Job Satisfaction. Safety and Health at Work, 16(1), 36-45.

Bloom, N., Liang, J., Roberts, J., & Ying, Z. J. (2015). Does working from home work? Evidence from a Chinese experiment. The Quarterly journal of economics, 130(1), 165-218.

Breevaart, K., & Zacher, H. (2021). Daily psychological safety and daily work engagement: The mediating role of daily positive affect. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 94(1), 161–186. https://doi.org/10.1111/joop.12330

Carmeli, A., & Zisu, M. (2021). Psychological safety and mental well-being at work: The role of voice and interpersonal trust. Journal of Management Studies, 58(6), 1457–1483. https://doi.org/10.1111/joms.12682

Carmeli, A., Dutton, J. E., & Hardin, A. E. (2020). Psychological safety, engagement in work processes, and professional identity: A relational perspective. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 41(3), 221–238. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.2420

Chaudhuri, R., Chatterjee, S., Vrontis, D., & Alessio, I. (2022). Work from anywhere and employee psychological well-being: moderating role of HR leadership support. Personnel Review, 51(8), 1967-1989.

Che, Y., Zhu, J., & Huang, H. (2022). How does employee–organization relationship affect work engagement and work well-being of knowledge-based employees? Frontiers in psychology, 13, 814324.

Chou, I. W. (2024). Perceived social support and employee well-being in remote work settings: exploring the mediating role of workplace loneliness-a case study of a top 500 enterprise in china. Connexion: Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 13(1), 1-15.

Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2000). The “what” and “why” of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 11(4), 227–268. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327965PLI1104_01

Dodge, R., Daly, A. P., Huyton, J., & Sanders, L. D. (2012). The challenge of defining wellbeing. International Journal of Wellbeing, 2(3), 222–235.

Edmondson, A. (1999). Psychological safety and learning behavior in work teams. Administrative Science Quarterly, 44(2), 350-383.

Elbir, U. (2024). The Role of Psychological Safety and Employee Engagement in Improving Workplace Safety. Journal of Waste Management & Recycling Technology, 2(6), 1-4.

Frazier, M. L., Fainshmidt, S., Klinger, R. L., Pezeshkan, A., & Vracheva, V. (2017). Psychological safety: A meta‐analytic review and extension. Personnel Psychology, 70(1), 113–165. https://doi.org/10.1111/peps.12183

Frazier, M. L., Fainshmidt, S., Klinger, R. L., Pezeshkan, A., & Vracheva, V. (2017). Psychological safety: A meta-analytic review and extension. Academy of Management Annals, 11(1), 113–165. https://doi.org/10.5465/annals.2014.011

Ge, Y. (2020). Psychological safety, employee voice, and work engagement. Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal, 48(3), 1-7.

Grant, C. A., Wallace, L. M., & Spurgeon, P. C. (2013). An exploration of the psychological factors affecting remote e-worker’s job effectiveness, well-being and work-life balance. Employee Relations, 35(5), 527–546. https://doi.org/10.1108/ER-08-2012-0059

Grawitch, M. J., Gottschalk, M., & Munz, D. C. (2006). The path to a healthy workplace: A critical review linking healthy workplace practices, employee well-being, and organizational improvements. Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research, 58(3), 129–147. https://doi.org/10.1037/1065-9293.58.3.129

Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2021). A primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) (3rd ed.). Sage Publications.

Hao, Q., Zhang, B., Shi, Y., & Yang, Q. (2022). How trust in coworkers fosters knowledge sharing in virtual teams? A multilevel moderated mediation model of psychological safety, team virtuality, and self-efficacy. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 899142.

Harsono, A., & Hidayati, N. (2022). Psychological factors affecting employee engagement: Emotional security, well-being, and role clarity. Jurnal Manajemen dan Psikologi Kerja, 7(2), 85–98.

Hasan, F., & Kashif, M. (2021). Psychological safety, meaningfulness and empowerment as predictors of employee well-being: a mediating role of promotive voice. Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Administration, 13(1), 40-59.

Joseph, E. R., & Seshadri, V. (2025). Is connection the key? The mediating role of psychological safety in the relationship between relatedness to employee engagement. Acta Psychologica, 260, 105607.

Kahn, W. A. (1990). Psychological conditions of personal engagement and disengagement at work. Academy of Management Journal, 33(4), 692–724. https://doi.org/10.2307/256287

Kniffin, K. M., Narayanan, J., Anseel, F., Antonakis, J., Ashford, S. P., Bakker, A. B., ... & Vugt, M. V. (2021). COVID-19 and the workplace: Implications, issues, and insights for future research and action. American Psychologist, 76(1), 63.

Lee, J., & Li, X. (2021). Psychological safety, interpersonal relationships, social support, and employee well-being. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 94(4), 765–783. https://doi.org/10.1111/joop.12345

Lee, Y., & Ko, J. (2022). Employee well-being and sustainable work engagement: Evidence from service organizations. Sustainability, 14(6), 3456. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14063456

Li, C., & Yan, J. (2021). Psychological safety and knowledge sharing in virtual teams: The mediating role of team trust. Journal of Knowledge Management, 25(9), 2294–2315. https://doi.org/10.1108/JKM-01-2021-0046

Liu, K., & Ge, Y. (2020). How psychological safety influences employee creativity in China: Work engagement as a mediator. Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal, 48(8), 1-7.

Liu, X., Huang, Y., Kim, J., & Na, S. (2023). How ethical leadership cultivates innovative work behaviors in employees? Psychological safety, work engagement and openness to experience. Sustainability, 15(4), 3452.

Mao, J., & Tian, K. (2022). Psychological safety mediates the relationship between leader–member exchange and employees' work engagement. Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal, 50(3), 31-39.

Newman, S. A., Ford, R. C., & Marshall, G. W. (2020). Strategies for aligning performance expectations for virtual teams. SAM Advanced Management Journal, 85(3), 23-36.

Nofiyanti, N., Fajrin, A., Sidiq, I., & Jantrisia, R. (2025). Psychological safety and collaborative work culture: The path to sustainable organizational performance. International Journal of Social and Management Studies, 6(4), 517.

Obrenovic, B., Jianguo, D., Khudaykulov, A., & Khan, M. A. S. (2020). Work-family conflict impact on psychological safety and psychological well-being: A job performance model. Frontiers in psychology, 11, 475.

Pansini, M., Buonomo, I., & Benevene, P. (2024). Fostering Sustainable Workplace Through Leaders’ Compassionate Behaviors: Understanding the Role of Employee Well-Being and Work Engagement. Sustainability, 16(23), 10697.

Petrov, S., Oprea, B., & Opariuc-Dan, C. (2023). Psychological safety and job performance: The mediating role of work engagement and job crafting. Psihologia Resurselor Umane, 21(2).

Pradhan, R. K., Jena, L. K., & Kumari, I. G. (2020). Effect of employee well-being on organizational commitment and performance: The mediating role of work engagement. International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, 69(8), 1715–1736. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJPPM-02-2019-0077

Putri, D. A., & Santoso, B. (2023). Employee well-being, supportive work environment, and their impact on work engagement. Jurnal Manajemen Sumber Daya Manusia, 11(1), 45–60.

Rahmadani, V. G., & Indarti, N. (2022). Psychological safety and employee engagement in virtual working arrangements: Evidence from Indonesia. Gadjah Mada International Journal of Business, 24(2), 155–177. https://doi.org/10.22146/gamaijb.70129

Rahmawati, L., & Nugraha, A. (2023). Psychological safety and employee engagement in hybrid workplaces. Jurnal Manajemen dan Perilaku Organisasi, 12(2), 89–104.

Schaufeli, W. B., & Bakker, A. B. (2004). Job demands, job resources, and their relationship with burnout and engagement: A multi-sample study. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 25(3), 293–315. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.248

Schaufeli, W. B., & Bakker, A. B. (2020). Defining and measuring work engagement: Bringing clarity to the concept. Psychology Press.

Schaufeli, W. B., Bakker, A. B., & Van Rhenen, W. (2009). How changes in job demands and resources predict burnout, work engagement, and sickness absenteeism. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 30(7), 893–917. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.595

Sivapragasam, P., & Raya, R. P. (2018). HRM and employee engagement link: Mediating role of employee well-being. Global Business Review, 19(1), 147-161.

Sjöblom, K., Juutinen, S., & Mäkikangas, A. (2022). The importance of self-leadership strategies and psychological safety for well-being in the context of enforced remote work. Challenges, 13(1), 14.

Thapa, P. P., Rana, H., Ucar, Ö., Khana, J., & Amgain, K. (2023). Examining the Impact of Emotional Intelligence on Employee Well-Being and Employee Engagement in the Digital Era. Journal of Karnali Academy of Health Sciences, 6(1).

Tiwari, B., & Lenka, U. (2016). Building psychological safety for employee engagement in post-recession. Development and Learning in Organizations: An International Journal, 30(1), 19-22.

Toscano, F., & Zappalà, S. (2020). Social isolation and stress as predictors of productivity perception and remote work satisfaction during the COVID-19 pandemic. Sustainability, 12(23), 9804. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12239804

Vakira, E., Shereni, N. C., Ncube, C. M., & Ndlovu, N. (2023). The effect of inclusive leadership on employee engagement, mediated by psychological safety in the hospitality industry. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Insights, 6(2), 819-834.

Vaziri, H., Casper, W. J., Wayne, J. H., & Matthews, R. A. (2020). Changes to the work–family interface during the COVID-19 pandemic: Examining predictors and implications using latent transition analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 105(10), 1073–1087. https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0000819

Wang, B., Liu, Y., Qian, J., & Parker, S. K. (2021). Achieving effective remote working during the COVID-19 pandemic: A work design perspective. Applied Psychology, 70(1), 16–59. https://doi.org/10.1111/apps.12290

Wang, W., Kang, S. W., & Choi, S. B. (2022). Servant leadership and creativity: A study of the sequential mediating roles of psychological safety and employee well-being. Frontiers in psychology, 12, 807070.

Warr, P., & Inceoglu, I. (2018). Work orientations, well-being and job content of self-employed and employed professionals. Work, Employment and Society, 32(2), 292-311.

Yang, X., Kong, X., Qian, M., Zhang, X., Li, L., Gao, S., & Yu, X. (2024). The effect of work-family conflict on employee well-being among physicians: the mediating role of job satisfaction and work engagement. BMC psychology, 12(1), 530.

Zhang, Y., & Song, H. (2021). Work structure, work–life balance, and employee engagement in hybrid work arrangements. Journal of Organizational Psychology and Human Resource Management, 9(2), 101–118.

Zhang, Y., Wang, H., & Liu, X. (2021). Psychological safety, employee well-being, and work engagement: A mediating model. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 26(5), 385–399. https://doi.org/10.1037/ocp0000284

Downloads

Published

2025-12-25

How to Cite

Sapta Rini Widyawati. (2025). Psychological Safety, Well-Being, dan Engagement di Era Kerja Fleksibel. Jurnal Ekonomi, Manajemen, Bisnis Dan Akuntansi Review, 5(2), 17. https://doi.org/10.53697/emba.v5i2.3476

Issue

Section

Articles

Similar Articles

<< < 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 > >> 

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.